Important Topics for PMP exam - Part 2

Organizational Theories

Besides conflict resolution techniques, another important topic is organizational theories. These theories also draw a fair amount of questions in the exam. Let's look at these one by one.

1. Maslow's Hierarchy of needs -Maslow has defined 5 levels of hierarchical needs. According to this theory one strives, contributes, uses the skills & abilities to fulfill the needs as per this hierarchy. When the needs belonging to a level in the hierarchy are taken care of, one moves on to fulfill the next level of needs before one reaches the last level of self-actualization (the full realization of one's potential) in the hierarchy.

Five layers of needs (bottom-up), as per Maslow, are :

• Physiological - The bare necessities to survive - it includes - air, water, food, shelter, clothes
  


• Safety - Includes safety and security - security at work, stability in life.
  


• Social - Love, affection, social circle
  


• Esteem - Self respect, appreciation,
  


• Self-actualization - This is the epitome - and here people start realizing their potential and strive for fulfillment by way of personal growth, knowledge attainment.

2. Herzberg's hygiene theory of motivation- Factors leading to dissatisfaction include relationship at work (with your boss & peers), working conditions, salary & organization policy. Herzberg termed these factors as hygiene factors and defined that these factors do not improve motivation but help avoid dissatisfaction. It is considered that to avoid dissatisfaction these things should be taken care of. Factors that help in motivation include recognition, work content, growth, responsibilities.

For further reference, read this article.

3. Expectancy Theory - This theory states that people "in expectation of positive reults" are motivated and put in their best efforts to achieve the goals. e.g. if an individual feels that she will be rewarded if the goal is achieved, that reward becomes the motivating agent and act as a catalyst in improving the performance.

4. Theory X & Theory Y - Douglas McGregor postulated these two theories.

Theory X states that an average individual is not interested in work and always tries to avoid it, does not have any ambition, does not want to take on any responsibility, does not care for organizational goals. These individuals only work for money and security. In order to get any work done from these individuals, they constantly need punishment, close supervision and tight controls.

Theory Y states that employees are self motivated and self directed. For them work is as important as other activities like play & rest in their lives. People take on responsibilities on their own. People align their goals with the organizational goals and need limited supervision.

For further reference, read this article.

Also visit:
Important Topics for PMP exam - Part 1
Important Topics for PMP exam - Part 3